Wow...there is a whole lot there to unpack. Thanks for sharing, seriously.
I'm not even sure where to begin, but here goes. I am sure my rugged individualism and autonomy colors my worldview and presuppositions when it comes to Catholic versus Protestant, but rather than being excessively wordy, I'll just say that that bias leads me to a
Sola Scriptura (scripture alone) position which of course is a hallmark of protestantism/evangelicalism. Contrarily, I don't believe that the view that the papacy and the tradition should be elevated to the same level for Faith and practice as scripture alone. I say all that to say that you must come to some crossroads and make a choice when it comes to those things or else you will be confused as you try to move forward in understanding Christianity at a personal level, for conscience and conviction. At the end of the day, even though I am a Baptist, I believe that Luther's famous words are apropos when it comes to these matters of conscience and faith as it relates to why, what and how we should believe....
"Unless I am convicted by Scripture and plain reason (I do not accept the authority of popes and councils because they have contradicted each other), my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. So help me God. Amen.”